Preparing tagged code for use with syntax highlighter

In my last two posts, this has helped me upload my code. I have just been copying the output directly into the <pre> tags and it seems to work well. In the example below, the cisco_router_checker.php is the name of the file I wish to convert

 cat cisco_router_checker.php | sed s'/</\&lt;/g'

I could be missing something really obvious here, so if there is a better way of doing it please let me know!

PHP & SNMP Router Checker

The PHP Cisco Router checker is a small script which can be placed on a suitable web server and called to report on an SNMP enabled router. This was developed with Cisco routers in mind, however it works without modification for many other vendors devices.

THE SCRIPT - cisco_router_checker.php

<?php
#  
#       Use PHP & SNMP to Interrogate an SNMP enabled Cisco Router
#
#       An HRH Script!!
#
?>
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Router Checker</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="Silver">
<center>
<font face="arial" size="2">
<h2>PHP Router Checker</h2>

A Status & Interface checker for an SNMP enabled Router<br><br>


<!-- collect ip & community information !-->
<form action="cisco_router_checker.php" method="POST">

<table>
<tr><td>IP Address   </td><td><center><input type="text" name="ip_in_start"></td></tr>
<tr><td><center>SNMP Comunity </td><td><center><input type="text" name="snmp_in_start"> </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><center><input type="submit" value="submit"> </td></tr>
</table>
</form>
</center>

<!-- PHP TIME!! !-->
<?php


// Set Variables:
$ipin = $_POST["ip_in_start"];
$snmp_com = $_POST["snmp_in_start"];

// Clean output function - Removes the extras given by SNMP
function clean_output($string) {
    $clean_output = preg_replace("/[A-Za-z]*:[ ]/", "", $string);
    $clean_output = preg_replace("/[(][0-9]*[)][ ]/", "", $clean_output);
    $clean_output = str_replace("Gauge32", "", $clean_output);
    $clean_output = str_replace("Counter32", "", $clean_output);
    $clean_output = preg_replace("/[(][0-9][)]/", "", $clean_output);
    return $clean_output;
}

// Check that an IP address has been submitted:
if($ipin == "" || $snmp_com == "") {
    echo "<br>Please submit IP and SNMP community
</font>
</body>
</html>";
    exit;
}

// Create specific OIDs
$sysHSRPact = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.106.1.2.1.1.13.12.1";
$sysHSRPact2 = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.106.1.2.1.1.13.1.1";
$sysHSRP = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.106.1.2.1.1.11.1.1";
$sysHSRP2 = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.9.106.1.2.1.1.11.12.1";
$sysName = "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0";
$sysDescr = "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0";
$sysUpTime = "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0";
$sysContact = "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.4.0";
$sysReload = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.2.1.2.0";
$sysFreeMem = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.2.1.8.0";
$sysChassis = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.3.6.3.0";
$sysDesc1 = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.3.6.11.1.3.1";
$sysDesc2 = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.3.6.11.1.3.2";
$sysDesc3 = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.3.6.11.1.3.3";
$sysDesc4 = "1.3.6.1.4.1.9.3.6.11.1.3.4";

# Check that we are able to contact the system, If we are then run the rest of the SNMP gets.
$oo1 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysName));

if($oo1 != "") { 
    // Now we know that we can contact the device, run the other SNMP gets.
    $oo2 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysDescr));
    $oo3 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysUpTime));
    $oo4 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysContact));
    $oo5 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysReload));
    $oo6 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysFreeMem));
    $oo7 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysChassis));
    $oo8 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysDesc1));
    $oo9 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysDesc2));
    $oo10 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysDesc3));
    $oo12 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysDesc4));
    $oo11 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysHSRP));
    $oo13 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysHSRPact));
    # Run the alternate HSRP oids if they are returned blank.
    if($oo11 == "" ) { $oo11 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysHSRP2)); }
    if($oo13 == "" ) { $oo13 = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$sysHSRPact2)); }
} else { echo "Unable to contact Router, Please check you are able to ping it."; }

// Show the System stats at the start of the table.
echo "<br><b>System IP: </b> $ipin";
echo "<br><b>HSRP Adr: </b> $oo11";
echo "<br><b>HSRP Master: </b> $oo13";
echo "<br><b>System Name:</b> $oo1"; 
echo "<br><b>System Description:</b><br> $oo2";
echo "<br><b>System Up Time:</b> $oo3 ";
echo "<br><b>System Contact:</b> $oo4 ";
echo "<br><b>Last reboot due to:</b> $oo5 ";
echo "<br><b>Free Memory:</b> $oo6";
echo "<br><b>Chassis ID:</b> $oo7";
echo "<br><b>Card 1 Desc:</b> $oo8";
echo "<br><b>Card 2 Desc:</b> $oo9";
echo "<br><b>Card 3 Desc:</b> $oo10";
echo "<br><b>Card 4 Desc:</b> $oo12";
?>

<!-- Interface Status Table !-->
<br><br><br>
<center><b>Interface Status Table</b><br></center>
<table border="1" bgcolor="white">
<tr>
<td>Interface Description</td>
<td>Interface Speed</td>
<td>Admin status</td>
<td>Operational Status</td>
<td><center>Last Change</center></td>
<td>Int in Unicast</td>
<td>Int in Discards</td>
<td>Int in Errors</td>
<td>Int out Unicast</td>
<td>Int out Discards</td>
<td>Int out Errors</td>
</tr>

<!-- Collect the Interface stats !-->
<?php

// Interface OIDs Array
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.2.";   // Interface description
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.5.";   // Interface Speed
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.7.";   // Admin Status
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.8.";   // Operating Status
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.9.";   // Last Change
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.11.";  // Interface INBOUND Pkts
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.13.";  // Interface in Discards
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.14.";  // Interface in Errors
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.17.";  // Interface OUTBOUND Pkts
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.19.";  // Interface out Discards
$oid[] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.20.";  // Interface out Errors


// Build a for loop to check the first 20 interfaces and only show the lines which have relevant information
for($a=1;$a<20;$a++) {
    # Check if the interface is responding:
    $out[0] = clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$oid[0]."$a"));
    if($out[0] == "" ) {
    echo "
";
    } else {
        # Now we know that this interface is responding
        if(substr($out[0],0,4) == "rios" || substr($out[0],0,3) == "aux" || substr($out[0],0,2) == "lo") { continue; } // Remove the 'rios' interfaces, these can be replaced by commenting this line.
        echo "<tr>";
        echo "<td>".$out[0]." $a</td>";
        for($b=1;$b<count($oid);$b++) {
            echo "<td>".clean_output(snmpget($ipin,"$snmp_com",$oid[$b]."$a"));
        }
        echo "</tr>";
    }
}



?>
</table>
</font>
</body>
</html>

EXAMPLE OUTPUT - Click to enlarge!

NOTES

• PHP should be compiled with SNMP on the server you wish to run this. (Thats likely to already be the case, but you should check this should you run into problems)
• If you install this somewhere other than the document root of your webserver, you will need to update its location in the first <form> tag so the action contains the path to the script. If you rename it from cisco_router_checker.php you will also need to change this value to whatever you rename it.
• For internal use, you may want to hard code the community into the code, instead of having to type it every time

BASH & PHP Football Score Checker and Emailer

In short, this is a system to check the BBC website for the football results, and send out automated email to people who have seen their team lose, complete with a link to the match report. This one is a bit of a mishmash of Bash & PHP, as it was written with speed in mind as opposed to elegance and readability. That said, it should be easy to modify to suit your purposes -  (A find and replace on the teams you are interested in should do). I also need to give some thanks to the BBC here, as the consistent way their site is setup has meant this has been running flawlessly for me for close to a year. Originally written in a hurry before a trip to India, this meant that despite my absense, I was still able to taunt colleagues at work when their football teams lost.

HOW IT WORKS

• The Bash script football_check.sh, is the parent, which is configured in cron to run each Monday morning. Its job is to collect the source code from the BBC football results site, and grep for the first line matching the team we are looking for. It then dumps this into another file in the same directory which we will use later. Once it has completed this, it calls create_report.php
• create_report.php opens the files created above and checks if the team has lost. If they have won, or drawn, it will not send out the email. If an email needs to be sent, it contains a template to the content of the email, and creates the text contained in the mail, including a link to the match report.

THE SCRIPTS

• football_check.sh

#!/bin/bash
#
# A football results checker script. Checks if Portsmouth or
# Palace have lost in the last week, and if so, sends out a
# 'Commiseration' email
#
#
#  An HRH Script!!!!
results_site="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/results/default.stm"
palace_file="/var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/palace_res.txt"
pompy_file="/var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/pompy_res.txt"
palace_email="/var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/palace_email.txt"
pompy_email="/var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/pompy_email.txt"


# collect the data from the bbc site
#wget --proxy=off $results_site -o results.txt
wget $results_site -o results.txt
# Check for the last time they played, and create a file with that information.
cat default.stm | grep -m 1 "Crystal Palace" > $palace_file
cat default.stm | grep -m 1 "Portsmouth" > $pompy_file

# Run the php script to check these files
./create_report.php 2> /dev/null

# Send out the emails if there is one to send.
if [ -f $palace_email ] 
then
./paul_email.php
rm -f $palace_email
fi

if [ -f $pompy_email ] 
then
./mark_email.php
rm -f $pompy_email
fi


# Remove the used files to start fresh next monday
rm -f default.stm  # remove the BBC website information
rm -f p*res.txt    # remove the results text files
rm -f results.txt

create_report.php

#!/usr/bin/php
# This is a bit of code to parse the output from the football result files. If there are files to check, it
# will have a look at them, work out whats happened, and send out the good news!!!

# Assign variables
$palace_email = "your.victim@theirdomain.co.uk";
$pompy_email = "your.victim@theirdomain.co.uk";
$palace_str = "Crystal Palace";
$pompy_str = "Portsmouth";
$palace_draw = false;
$pompy_draw = false;

# Collect data which has come from bash and wget
$palace_text = `cat /var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/palace_res.txt`;
$pompy_text = `cat /var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/pompy_res.txt`;
$palace_len = strlen($palace_text);
$pompy_len = strlen($pompy_text);

# A function to clean up the html text passed in to a point where we can use it.
# This is not done via a strip tags function as we can use this to our advantage later 
function clean_up_html($text_in) {
    $out = str_replace('<div class="mvb"><a href="', "", $text_in);
    $out = str_replace('</div>', "", $out);
    $out = str_replace('" class="stats">', " % ", $out);
    $out = str_replace(' | <a href="', "", $out);
    $out = str_replace('">Report', "", $out);
    $out = str_replace('<a href="', "", $out);
    return $out;
}

# A function to create the email text which will be sent out
function create_email($team,$lost_to,$notify_name,$notify,$report_url,$file_name) {

    # Variables
    $start = "Dear $notify_name , \n\nIn my absence I would like to let you know that $team lost to $lost_to this weekend. \n\nI cannot personally tell you how rubbish their performance was, however, if it would make you any more miserable, I would like you to read the following match report: $report_url  \n\nKind regards,\nLord Butler";

    # Dump it into the file
    `echo "$start" > $file_name`;
}

# Check what we have to work with, and create the email text.
if ( $palace_len > 200 ) {
    ######### If the script is here, there are palace resutls to analyse:
    # Split up the data into lots of little bits
    $palace_clean = clean_up_html($palace_text);
    $palace_parts = explode("</a>", $palace_clean);
    $home_data = explode(" % ", $palace_parts[0]);
    $away_data = explode(" % ", $palace_parts[1]);
    $result_data = explode(" ", $away_data[0]);
    $result = $result_data[1];
    $scores = explode ("-", $result);
    $home_score = $scores[0];
    $away_score = $scores[1];

    #########  Start with the logic, find out if anything is worth sending.
    # Check if it was a draw.
    if ( $home_score == $away_score ) { $palace_draw = true; echo "The game was a draw \n";}
    if ( !$palace_draw ) { 
        # Check if Palace where home or away
        if ( $home_data[1] == $palace_str ) { $palace_home = true; $palace_away = false;$opposing = $away_data[1];} 
        if ( $away_data[1] == $palace_str ) { $palace_away = true; $palace_home = false; $opposing = $home_data[1];}
        # Check who won, home or away
        if ( $home_score > $away_score ) { $home_victory = true; } else { $home_victory = false; }
 # Check if palace lost
 if (( $palace_away && $home_victory ) || ( $palace_home && !$home_victory )) { 
            create_email($palace_str,$opposing,"Paul",$palace_email,$palace_parts[2],"palace_email.txt");
        } else { 
            echo " $palace_str won \n"; 
        }     
    }
} else {
    echo "Palace Results Not found";
}

#################################
#  Now check the pompy results  #
#################################

# Check what we have to work with, and create the email text.
if ( $pompy_len > 200 ) {
    ######### If the script is here, there are pompy resutls to analyse:
    # Split up the data into lots of little bits
    $pompy_clean = clean_up_html($pompy_text);
    $pompy_parts = explode("</a>", $pompy_clean);
    $home_data = explode(" % ", $pompy_parts[0]);
    $away_data = explode(" % ", $pompy_parts[1]);
    $result_data = explode(" ", $away_data[0]);
    $result = $result_data[1];
    $scores = explode ("-", $result);
    $home_score = $scores[0];
    $away_score = $scores[1];

    #########  Start with the logic, find out if anything is worth sending.
    # Check if it was a draw.
    if ( $home_score == $away_score ) { $pompy_draw = true; echo "The $pompy_str game was a draw \n";}
    if ( !$pompy_draw ) { 
        # Check if pompy where home or away
        if ( $home_data[1] == $pompy_str ) { $pompy_home = true; $pompy_away = false; $opposing = $away_data[1];} 
        if ( $away_data[1] == $pompy_str ) { $pompy_away = true; $pompy_home = false; $opposing = $home_data[1];}
        # Check who won, home or away
        if ( $home_score > $away_score ) { $home_victory = true; } else { $home_victory = false; }
 # Check if pompy lost
 if (( $pompy_away && $home_victory ) || ( $pompy_home && !$home_victory )) { 
            create_email($pompy_str,$opposing,"Mark",$pompy_email,$pompy_parts[2],"pompy_email.txt");
        } else { 
            echo " $pompy_str won \n"; 
        }
    }
} else {
    echo "pompy Results Not found";
}

victim_name_email.php

#!/usr/bin/php
/*
* The PHP mailer programs - HRH
*/
$to = "notify.victim1@theirdommain.co.uk, notify.victim1@theirdommain.co.uk";
$subject = "This Weekends results";
$msg = `cat /var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/pompy_email.txt`;
$header = 'From: Lord Butler';
mail($to,$subject,$msg,$header);

NOTES

• This script assumes you are able to send / relay mail from the host.
• Yes I know it could have all been handled by a single php script. It was written in a big hurry!
• I have added the following line to my crontab, so that this runs at half eight on Monday morning:

"30 8 * * 1 cd /var/www/hrhscript/footiecheck/ ; ./football_check.sh #Football check report"

Python Squid Log Analyser

The Python Squid Log Analyser is a small Python script which will read Squids access.log file and produces a report on:

• Caching performance
• Data transfer
• most requested domains (by hits and by data transfer)
• most requesting hosts (by hits and by data transfer)

My initial reasons for writing this were to take a look into the Squid caching performance and because I wanted to learn a bit more Python. (Being mostly used to PHP and Bash)

As I started to write this, it made sense to include statistics on the other things happening in the access.log file, since the script read through it all anyway, and so I ended up with a nice summary of daily usage. The way this runs on my system, is within a Bash script, which copies the access.log.1.gz file (yesterdays stats) at 5am each morning. It then extracts and renames it, runs the python against it and emails out the result. I hope this can be useful to someone else!

THE SCRIPT

'''
Created on Oct 11, 2010

@author: His Royal Highness

The squid log reader will analyse the squid access.log file and produce stats on its
content. it expects access.log to be in the same directory, 
but this can be changed to an absolute path as requried.
'''

''' VARIABLES '''
filename = "access.log"
file = open(filename)
''' Request Variables '''
total_requests = 0
total_cache_hits = 0
total_cache_misses = 0
''' Byte Total Variables '''
total_requested_bytes = 0
total_cache_bytes = 0
total_miss_bytes = 0
total_other_bytes = 0
host_requests = {}
host_total_bytes = {}
domain_requests = {}
domain_bytes = {}

''' Strip back URL to what we will measure on '''
def striptodomain(url):
    stripped = url.replace("http://", "")
    #stripped = stripped.repace("www.")
    bits = stripped.split('/')
    hostname = bits[0]
    return hostname


''' Rip through the file and generate the stats '''
for line in file:
    bit = line.split()
    total_requests += 1

    ''' Add in the host request and bytes totals '''
    if bit[2] in host_requests:
        host_requests[bit[2]] += 1
        host_total_bytes[bit[2]] = int(host_total_bytes[bit[2]]) + int(bit[1])
    else:
        host_requests[bit[2]] = 1
        host_total_bytes[bit[2]] = int(bit[1])
        
                
    ''' Add in the Domain request and bytes totals '''
    hostname = striptodomain(bit[6])
    if hostname in domain_requests:
        domain_requests[hostname] += 1
        domain_bytes[hostname] = int(domain_bytes[hostname]) + int(bit[1])
    else:
        domain_requests[hostname] = 1
        domain_bytes[hostname] = int(bit[1]) 
    
        
        
    if 'TCP_HIT' in line or 'TCP_MEM_HIT' in line or 'TCP_NEGATIVE_HIT' in line or 'TCP_IMS_HIT' in line or 'TCP_REFRESH_HIT' in line:
        total_cache_hits += 1                       
        total_cache_bytes += int(bit[1])
        total_requested_bytes += int(bit[1])
        
    elif "TCP_MISS" in line or 'TCP_REFRESH_MISS' in line or 'TCP_CLIENT_REFRESH_MISS' in line:
        total_cache_misses += 1
        total_miss_bytes += int(bit[1])
        total_requested_bytes += int(bit[1])
        
    else:
        total_other_bytes += int(bit[1])
        total_requested_bytes += int(bit[1])
file.close()

    
''' Extra file stats '''        
total_other = (total_requests - total_cache_hits) - total_cache_misses


''' Calculate Percent values '''
total_cache_hits_pc = round((1.0 * total_cache_hits / total_requests) * 100,2)
total_cache_misses_pc = round((1.0 * total_cache_misses / total_requests) * 100,2)
total_other_pc = round((1.0 * total_other / total_requests) * 100,2)

total_cache_bytes_pc = round((1.0 * total_cache_bytes / total_requested_bytes) * 100,2)
total_miss_bytes_pc = round((1.0 * total_miss_bytes / total_requested_bytes) * 100,2)
total_other_bytes_pc = round((1.0 * total_other_bytes / total_requested_bytes) * 100,2)

    

''' File type counts'''
print ""
print "Caching Performance"
print "Total requests: \t\t", total_requests
print "Total Cache hits:\t\t",total_cache_hits, total_cache_hits_pc, "%"
print "Total Cache misses:\t" ,total_cache_misses, total_cache_misses_pc, "%"
print "Total Other:\t\t" ,total_other, total_other_pc, "%"
print ""
print "Total bytes: \t\t", total_requested_bytes
print "Total Cache bytes:\t",total_cache_bytes, total_cache_bytes_pc, "%"
print "Total Miss bytes:\t\t",total_miss_bytes, total_miss_bytes_pc, "%"
print "Total Other bytes:\t",total_other_bytes, total_other_bytes_pc, "%"
print ""
print ""
print ""




''' Print Domain statistics '''
#sorted_domain_requests = sorted(domain_requests)
print "Most Requested Domains (hits)"
temp_list = domain_requests.keys()
temp_list.sort( key = domain_requests.__getitem__, reverse = True)
for a in range(25):
    print domain_requests[temp_list[a]]  , "\t\t" , temp_list[a]
print ""
print ""


print "Highest Data Transfer by Domain (bytes)"
temp_list = domain_bytes.keys()
temp_list.sort( key = domain_bytes.__getitem__, reverse = True)
for a in range(25):
    print domain_bytes[temp_list[a]]  , "\t" , temp_list[a]
print ""
print ""

print "Most requesting hosts (hits)"
temp_list = host_requests.keys()
temp_list.sort( key = host_requests.__getitem__, reverse = True)
if len(temp_list) < 25:
    hosts = len(temp_list)
else:
    hosts = 25
for a in range(hosts):
    print host_requests[temp_list[a]]  , "\t" , temp_list[a]
print ""
print ""

print "Highest Data Transfer by Host (bytes)"
temp_list = host_total_bytes.keys()
temp_list.sort( key = host_total_bytes.__getitem__, reverse = True)
for a in range(hosts):
    print host_total_bytes[temp_list[a]]  , "\t" , temp_list[a]
print ""
print ""

EXAMPLE OUTPUT - (Reduced and formatted)
Total requests:             2419883
Total Cache hits:          573516 23.7 %
Total Cache misses:     1845764 76.27 %
Total Other:                 603 0.02 %

Total bytes:                 5314660302
Total Cache bytes:      37366112 0.7 %
Total Miss bytes:         5273482834 99.23 %
Total Other bytes:       3811356 0.07 %

Most Requested Domains (hits)
78374           www.thomascook.com
73540           urs.microsoft.com:443
58916           sis.baa.com:443

Highest Data Transfer by Domain (bytes)
488356114       sitatex1.mconnect.aero:443
406234484       mail.google.com:443
271621761       b.mail.google.com:443

Most requesting hosts (hits)
83045   128.1.197.202
51284   172.16.248.116
38608   128.1.93.30

Highest Data Transfer by Host (bytes)
487945744       172.16.0.41
237554573       172.16.0.154
157165427       128.1.8.251


NOTES

• The script can take a couple of minutes to run on large log files and is CPU intensive . In my environment, I am analysing ~400M files and it takes just over a minute.
• The \t's in the output formatting have been configured to display in outlook, as I have this report sent via email. Running from the CLI may show badly indented columns.
•  The script expects the access.log file to be in its own directory. If this is not the case, you can change the filename variable at the top from "access.log" to whatever is required. (Likely to be /var/log/squid/access.log if you are running on the box where squid is installed)
• On my setup, logrotate was configured to move the access.log file on a weekly basis. As I wanted to produce a daily report, I changed the settings in /etc/logrotate.d/squid to daily and increased the rotate number.
• The function strip to domain could definitely be improved, I was experimenting with splitting the host and taking the -2,-1 values to form the domain. If I had more time, I could have entered all TLDs, made a note of which the current URLs came from and strip it back based on that, but then you also run into the problem for sites like maps.google.com, which you may want to distinguish from www.google.com. If anyone has any ideas for this, I’d be interested to hear them.
• Finally, I wrote this while learning Python, so all criticism is welcomed so as long as it is constructive!